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Amida, A, Chang, I and Yearwood, D (2019) Designing a practical lab-based assessment: a case study. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 567–81.

Amoah, C and Pretorius, L (2019) Evaluation of the impact of risk management on project performance in small construction firms in South Africa. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 611–34.

Asiedu, R O and Gyadu-Asiedu, W (2019) Assessing the predictability of construction time overruns using multiple linear regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 583–600.

d'Apolito, L and Hong, H (2019) Forklift truck performance simulation and fuel consumption estimation. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 689–703.

I., B S, L., S R and Ramulu, P J (2019) Surface development by reinforcing nano-composites during friction stir processing – a review. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 653–87.

Jiang, Q (2019) Estimation of construction project building cost by back-propagation neural network. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 601–9.

Khan, M R and Sonawane, A (2019) Prediction of impact response in construction safety helmet using FEA. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 557–66.

Malhotra, M, Sahu, V, Srivastava, A and Misra, A K (2019) Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of pre-existing utility tunnel on the bearing capacity of shallow footing in sandy soils. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 513–29.

Onubi, H O, Yusof, N and Hassan, A S (2019) Adopting green construction practices: health and safety implications. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 635–52.

Sahu, V, Attri, R, Gupta, P and Yadav, R (2019) Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 727–38.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: Sustainability; Brick; Water treatment plant sludge; Processed tea waste; Thermal insulation;
• ISBN/ISSN: 1726-0531
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-06-2019-0168
• Abstract:
  This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.

Santoso, D S and Gallage, P G M P (2019) Critical factors affecting the performance of large construction projects in developing countries. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 531–56.

Yap, J B H and Cheah, S Y (2019) Key challenges faced by Chinese contractors in Malaysian construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 18(03), 705–26.